“The time lag between developments in the church and modern society was striking: in the very decade that Charles Darwin announced his theory of evolution to the public, Pius IX for the first time had the idea, as a demonstration of his own fullness of power and de facto infallibility, of promulgating a dogma entirely by himself. Promulgating a dogma is an action which traditionally has always been taken as a council in a situation of conflict to ward off heresy. Pius IX’s intention was to further traditional piety and to reinforce the Roman system. The dogma that he had in mind was that strange dogma of the immaculate conception of Mary (Mary conceived in her mother’s body without original sin), dated 1854. We do not find a word in the Bible and in the Catholic tradition of the first millennium about this, and it hardly makes any sense in the light of the theory of evolution.”

Küng, Hans. The Catholic Church: a Short History. New York: The Modern Library, 2003, p. 162

A certain kind of Protestant will snigger at this and say “See? I told you so!” A certain kind of Roman Catholic will explain, “Küng was a renegade who lost his license to teach as a Catholic theologian; his opinions are all suspect!”